Struktur Dasar
Projek Flutter
Setidaknya terdapat 17 item berupa folder dan file yang terlihat saat pertama membuka projek, yaitu:
📁 Folder
- .dart_tool, merupakan file yang dibuat otomatis oleh flutter. Digunakan untuk menyimpan cache build, dependency dan konfigurasi internal.
- .idea, berisi sebuah konfigurasi projek IDE.
- android, folder yang menyimpan native code ( Java/Kotlin, Gradle, Manifest ) dan digunakan jika dijalankan dengan android.
- ios, berisi kode native iOS ( Swift/Objective-C, Info.plist, konfigurasi Xcode ) dan digunakan jika menjalankan aplikasi iPhone/iPad.
- lib, folder utama dalam projek flutter dengan penulisan kode Dart. Semua logika, UI ataupun fitur dibuat dan ditulis dalam folder ini.
- linux, berisi file-file yang digunakan untuk menjalankan aplikasi Linux Desktop.
- macos, berisi file-file yang digunakan untuk menjalankan aplikasi Mac ( Apple ) Desktop.
- web, berisi file-file yang digunakan untuk menjalankan aplikasi hasil penulisan kode dengan web browser.
- windows, berisi file-file yang digunakan untuk menjalankan aplikasi Windows Desktop.
- test, berisi file unit tes dan widget tes ( otomatis oleh aplikasi ).
🧰 Konfigurasi
- .gitignore, menentukan file mana yang tidak ikut saat melakukan commit dan push ke Git.
- .metadata, file internal dari flutter untu menyimpan metadata.
- analysis_options.yaml, berisi berbagai aturan linting dan style code Dart. Misalnya memberikan warning saat penulisan kode tidak sesuai.
- app_pertama_flutter.iml, merupakan file konfigurasi untuk editor.
- pubspec.yaml, berisi konfigurasi projek utama flutter dan dependency.
- pubspec.lock, menyimpan versi dari dependency yang digunakan supaya konsisten dalam perpindahan komputer.
- README.md, untuk dokumentasi projek yang ditulis dengan format Markdown.
2️⃣ Struktur Kode
Dari sekian banyak folder dan file itu, dalam folder \lib itulah kita menuliskan kode-kode yang akan di eksekusi menjadi Mobile Apps
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MyApp());
}
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MyApp({super.key});
// This widget is the root of your application.
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Flutter Demo',
theme: ThemeData(
// This is the theme of your application.
//
// TRY THIS: Try running your application with "flutter run". You'll see
// the application has a purple toolbar. Then, without quitting the app,
// try changing the seedColor in the colorScheme below to Colors.green
// and then invoke "hot reload" (save your changes or press the "hot
// reload" button in a Flutter-supported IDE, or press "r" if you used
// the command line to start the app).
//
// Notice that the counter didn't reset back to zero; the application
// state is not lost during the reload. To reset the state, use hot
// restart instead.
//
// This works for code too, not just values: Most code changes can be
// tested with just a hot reload.
colorScheme: ColorScheme.fromSeed(seedColor: Colors.deepPurple),
),
home: const MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
);
}
}
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
const MyHomePage({super.key, required this.title});
// This widget is the home page of your application. It is stateful, meaning
// that it has a State object (defined below) that contains fields that affect
// how it looks.
// This class is the configuration for the state. It holds the values (in this
// case the title) provided by the parent (in this case the App widget) and
// used by the build method of the State. Fields in a Widget subclass are
// always marked "final".
final String title;
@override
State<MyHomePage> createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
int _counter = 0;
void _incrementCounter() {
setState(() {
// This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
// changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
// so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
// _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
// called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
_counter++;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
// This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
// by the _incrementCounter method above.
//
// The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
// fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
// than having to individually change instances of widgets.
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
// TRY THIS: Try changing the color here to a specific color (to
// Colors.amber, perhaps?) and trigger a hot reload to see the AppBar
// change color while the other colors stay the same.
backgroundColor: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.inversePrimary,
// Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
// the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
title: Text(widget.title),
),
body: Center(
// Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
// in the middle of the parent.
child: Column(
// Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
// arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
// children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
//
// Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
// how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
// center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
// axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
// horizontal).
//
// TRY THIS: Invoke "debug painting" (choose the "Toggle Debug Paint"
// action in the IDE, or press "p" in the console), to see the
// wireframe for each widget.
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
);
}
}
Hilangkan teks komentar sehingga terlihat menjadi
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MyApp());
}
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MyApp({super.key});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Flutter Demo',
theme: ThemeData(
colorScheme: ColorScheme.fromSeed(seedColor: Colors.deepPurple),
),
home: const MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
);
}
}
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
const MyHomePage({super.key, required this.title});
final String title;
@override
State<MyHomePage> createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
int _counter = 0;
void _incrementCounter() {
setState(() {
_counter++;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
backgroundColor: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.inversePrimary,
title: Text(widget.title),
),
body: Center(
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
const Text('You have pushed the button this many times:'),
Text(
'$_counter',
style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headlineMedium,
),
],
),
),
floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
onPressed: _incrementCounter,
tooltip: 'Increment',
child: const Icon(Icons.add),
),
);
}
}
Secara ringkas, kode dalam projek flutter dibagi dalam 3 kelompok
Bagian 1 - Import
Ini merupakan bagian yang digunakan untuk memasukkan berbagai library-library flutter yang dibutuhkan saat melakukan developing. Secara default, library yang ada adalah material.dart
Bagian 2 - Main
Di bawah import, terdapat kode main yang merupakan bagian utama dalam projek flutter. Bagian ini merupakan entry point dari projek dan hal pertama yang dijalankan saat projek di-run.
Bagian 3 - Widget
Pada bagian ini, merupakan tempat menempatkan berbagai widget yang digunakan. Widget merupakan berbagai hal atau segalanya yang ada di flutter merupakan widget. Mulai dari teks, gambar, warna, garis ataupun ikon.
Dalam projek ( yang pertama dibuat ) terdapat dua jenis widget yang digunakan, yaitu StatelessWidget dan StatefulWidget. StatelessWidget digunakan untuk menyimpan MaterialApp sebagai dasar. Kemudian MaterialApp ini menyimpan Scaffold sebagai widget yang StatefulWidget.
Bila dijalankan kembali dengan perintah flutter run
Hasilnya
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